India’s engagement with BRICS reflects its pursuit of strategic autonomy, diplomatic leadership and reform of global governance while strengthening the voice of emerging economies. At the same time, New Delhi seeks a genuinely multipolar order in which the rise of BRICS does not simply lead to a greater concentration of power in China.

The Mecca Pact faces its first crisis as Saudi Arabia confronts the Houthis. Its survival depends on whether Turkey and Pakistan can balance defensive commitments with political caution, shaping the alliance’s credibility and future relevance.

India and Bangladesh cautiously recalibrate ties under Tarique Rahman, balancing pragmatism, sovereignty, and regional pressures, as Hasina’s shadow and border disputes test the promise of renewed cooperation.