A significant transformation is occurring within Europe, particularly in the European Union as Trump assumes second term in office. Europhiles advocate for enhancing the institution's powers to achieve greater strategic autonomy for Europe. Conversely, Eurosceptics aim to reshape the institution's liberal principles to reflect a more conservative, Christian, and ethnically homogeneous Europe….Among other things, two critical factors are poised to influence Europe in the near future.

As the war in Ukraine started, the dominant wisdom of that time was that the West, especially the European Union (EU) and its allies, might have to face the challenge of securing their energy supply as Russia has the bargaining chip of being the largest fossil fuel supp